"The fragments were recovered from the ground. Nevertheless, we have been able to suppress the interference arising from protein contaminations. We are absolutely certain about the proteins we have identified -- we can say that Giotto used cow milk as a binder in his frescoes," Pucci said. Over the centuries, different organic binders have been used by artists. The concoctions have included eggs, milk and fish remains, used alone or mixed together with oils and other materials. According to Gennaro Marino, who teaches chemistry and biotechnology at Naples University, the discovery is particularly important because it involves frescoes considered to be at the foundation of modern Western art. Widely considered the father of Renaissance painting, Giotto turned flat, iconic Byzantine figures into more realistic three-dimensional renderings. "This non-invasive technology provides restorers and art historians with important information. Being able to determine the chemical composition of color layers is an essential step toward choosing a proper restoration technique as well as dating of art works," Marino said. Related Links: |
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