The Paleolithic period started 2.5 million years ago and ended just 10,000 years ago, when the Mesolithic, or mid-Stone Age, started. Are you familiar with some of the surprising facts about our ancestors' lives?
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Question 2 of 21
What language did cavemen speak?
an early form of Afrikaans
none -- they didn't speak
a click language
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Anthropologists believe that cavemen may have spoken a form of click language, which is still used today by the Hadza people, the last functioning hunter-gatherer tribe in Africa (Tanzania). A click language is composed entirely of sounds, rather than letters. The specific sounds are similar to the tsk! tsk! or clip-clop! (horse) sounds in English.
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Question 3 of 21
About 70 percent of all deaths during the Stone Age were from:
accidents
illnesses
hunger
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With almost no knowledge of medicine in existence, even the smallest health issue could be deadly for cave dwellers.
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Question 4 of 21
What type of disease caused the most deaths during the Stone Age?
gastrointestinal diseases
infections and infectious diseases
cancer
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Infections were common because cavemen lacked basic hygiene. Once infection set in, the chances of recovery were almost nil.
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Question 5 of 21
What was the base of the caveman diet?
meat
tubers
grains
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Although cavemen hunted, and gathered seeds and fruits, the main staple of their diet was tubers -- yams, sweet potatoes, radishes, ginger and rutabaga.
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Question 6 of 21
What "taboo" item was commonly consumed during the early Stone Age?
dinosaur flesh
human flesh
carbohydrates
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Cannibalism was widely practiced among the cavemen. Sure, cavemen ate some of those much-maligned carbohydrates in their fruits and tubers, but they worked them off. Dinosaurs and humans did not co-exist.
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Question 7 of 21
How did cavemen live?
in large tribes
in isolated family nuclei
in small groups
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Small groups, also known as bands, usually consisted of about 20 to 30 individuals, including men, women and children.
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Question 8 of 21
Early cavemen did NOT have ________ as part of their everyday lives.
graves
metal tools
fire
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During the Stone Age, people did not have the ability to melt and mold metal into tools.
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Question 9 of 21
What was the main role of women in cave society?
Women hunted along with men.
Women were gatherers.
Women swept the cave floors and washed cave dishes in the stream.
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Evidence suggests that men hunted and women gathered food. Because women had to take children along with them, they had to take over less dangerous activities (in this case, gathering food rather than facing wild animals in hunts).
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Question 10 of 21
What was the median lifespan for a woman in the late Paleolithic period?
18
30
36
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Men lived slightly longer than women's 30 years; male cavemen had a median lifespan of 35.4 years. Many women died young from complications during their pregnancies and deliveries.
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Question 11 of 21
The cavemen are the likely inventors of what item that's still used today?
raft
cooking utensil
wheel
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Rafts seem to date as far back as 840,000 B.C., which would indicate they were created during the early Paleolithic period.
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Question 12 of 21
Compared to the cavemen, we eat fewer ________ .
omega-3 fatty acids
saturated fats from meats
vegetables
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The cavemen ate more fish and game meat, both of which are richer in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s are essential for heart health.
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Question 13 of 21
What type of religion did the cavemen likely practice?
animism
polytheism
paganism
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There's much debate about this in the scientific community, but a widely accepted theory is that those in the late Paleolithic era practiced animism. Animism is the belief that inanimate objects, such as rivers and thunder, are spiritual beings.
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Question 14 of 21
Tools during the Stone Age were made of stone and what other materials?
tree branches
bone
metal
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The two most common tool materials were bone or stone and were used by cavemen to make hand axes and choppers.
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Question 15 of 21
How high was human infant mortality during cavemen times?
about 15 percent
about 30 percent
about 50 percent
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Many babies -- about 30 percent -- died shortly after birth.
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Question 16 of 21
Which of the following foods were NOT consumed during caveman times?
grains
insects
dairy products
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Dairy products were not a part of people's diets until much later, when agriculture became a standard way of life.
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Question 17 of 21
Bones of which animals have NOT been found near Paleolithic sites?
elephants
seals
deer
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The lack of elephant bones indicates that the animal was probably too big and difficult to hunt, so humans simply avoided it.
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Question 18 of 21
Some theories suggest that early cavemen were NOT hunters but instead were ________ .
gatherers
scavengers
foragers
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Tools from the early Paleolithic era seem too rudimentary and crude to be useful for hunting. Some anthropologists believe humans were mostly scavengers at the time, picking animal carcasses of dead animals and catching dying ones.
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Question 19 of 21
This was one of the most common caveman tools.
the hammer stone
the arrow
the spear
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A hammer stone is an ovoid smooth rock used in a manner similar to a modern hammer. Hammer stones didn't have handles.
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Question 20 of 21
Did cavemen really live in caves?
yes
sometimes
no, that's a Hollywood myth
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During the Stone Age, people were nomadic and would seek refuge wherever they could find it. Shelter could take the form of a cave, but some tribes also made temporary shelters using animal skins and bones.
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Question 21 of 21
Compared with modern humans, cavemen were:
shorter
taller
the same height
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Cavemen were shorter and stockier, with a higher percentage of muscle because of the heavy physical labor they did.
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